
Miss De Marco's
9th Grade English
The Cattle of the Sun God
Developing Reading Strategies: When you read a difficult text, you do not necessarily have to know/understand every single word. You should look for words or phrases that do make sense to you, and then see what you can infer about the rest of the passage using that information.
Instructions: The following chapter has been divided into sections. Read each section and try to pick out phrases or sentences that you understand. Write them in the left-hand column of your worksheet. Then, in the right-hand column, try to provide a summary of that section using what you know. If you have absolutely no idea, write down TWO good questions about the passage. These should be SPECIFIC questions, the answer to which would help you understand the text. In other words, "What is happening in this passage?" is not a good question. I have provided you with some definitions of uncommon words to help you.
Guiding Questions
*Helios: Sun god
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-heifers: cattle
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-gales: very srong wind
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-scour: search thoroughly
-angling: fishing
-lean: containing little fat (or fatty foods)
-solitude: state of being alone
-salvation: rescue
-supplication: act of begging for something
-Olympus: place where the gods live
*Eurylokhos: (eur-ill-uh-kus) remember, second-in-command of Odysseus' ship and known for causeing trouble
-insidious: treacherous, crafty
-plea: request made in an emotional way
-famine: state of being without food
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-tranquil: calm
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-carcass: dead body of an animal
-offerings: something offered as a sacrifice or presant usually for the gods
-libation: a drink poured out as an offering
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-slumber: sleep
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-savory: aromatic
-eddied: circulated
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-bliss: happiness
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-contrived: deliberately created
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-overweening: showing excessive confidence
-restitution: revenge for something
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-reeking: giving off
-fumes: vapors or smells
-sulphur: chemical element that smells like rotten eggs
-petrels: sea birds
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-gale: a strong wind
*Skylla and Charybdis: remember, monsters from the last chapter
-billow: yet another word for a big sea wave
-bole: tree trunk
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-twilight hour: time between sunset and dusk
-contentious: argumentative
-supper: dinner
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-astride: with a leg on each side
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1.) What does the highlighted sentence reveal about Odysseus? Has he changed at all from the beginning of the story? How?
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-buoyed: kept afloat
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-repetition: repeating
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I mustered all the crew and said:
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‘Old shipmates,
our stores are in the ship’s hold, food and drink;
the cattle here are not for our provision,
or we pay dearly for it.
Fierce the god is
who cherishes these heifers and these sheep:
Helios; and no man avoids his eye.’
To this my fighters nodded. Yes. But now
we had a month of onshore gales, blowing
day in, day out—south winds, or south by east.
As long as bread and good red wine remained
to keep the men up, and appease their craving,
they would not touch the cattle. But in the end,
when all the barley in the ship was gone,
hunger drove them to scour the wild shore
with angling hooks, for fishes and sea fowl,
whatever fell into their hands; and lean days
wore their bellies thin.
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The storms continued.
So one day I withdrew to the interior
to pray the gods in solitude, for hope
that one might show me some way of salvation.
Slipping away, I struck across the island
to a sheltered spot, out of the driving gale.
I washed my hands there, and made supplication
to the gods who own Olympus, all the gods—
but they, for answer, only closed my eyes
under slow drops of sleep.
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Now on the shore Eurylokhos
made his insidious plea:
‘Comrades,’ he said,
‘You’ve gone through everything; listen to what I say.
All deaths are hateful to us, mortal wretches,
but famine is the most pitiful, the worst
end that a man can come to.'
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Thus Eurylokhos; and they murmured ‘Aye!’
trooping away at once to round up [cattle].
Now, that day tranquil cattle with broad brows
were grazing near, and soon the men drew up
around their chosen beasts in ceremony.
They plucked the leaves that shone on a tall oak—
having no barley meal—to strew the victims,
performed the prayers and ritual, knifed the kine
and flayed each carcass, cutting thighbones free
to wrap in double folds of fat. These offerings,
with strips of meat, were laid upon the fire.
Then, as they had no wine, they made libation
with clear spring water, broiling the entrails first;
and when the bones were burnt and tripes shared,
they spitted the carved meat.
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Just then my slumber
left me in a rush, my eyes opened,
and I went down the seaward path. No sooner
had I caught sight of our black hull, than savory
odors of burnt fat eddied around me;
grief took hold of me, and I cried aloud:
‘O Father Zeus and gods in bliss forever,
you made me sleep away this day of mischief!
O cruel drowsing, in the evil hour!
Here they sat, and a great work they contrived.’
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And the Lord Helios
burst into angry speech amid the immortals:
‘O Father Zeus and gods in bliss forever,
punish Odysseus’ men! So overweening,
now they have killed my peaceful kine, my joy
at morning when I climbed the sky of stars,
and evening, when I bore westward from heaven.
Restitution or penalty they shall pay—
and pay in full—or I go down forever
to light the dead men in the underworld.’
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Then Zeus who drives the storm cloud spoke:
‘Peace, Hêlios: shine on among the gods,
shine over mortals in the fields of grain.
Let me throw down one white-hot bolt, and make
splinters of their ship in the winedark sea.’
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Zeus let fly
a bolt against the ship, a direct hit,
so that she bucked, in reeking fumes of sulphur,
and all the men were flung into the sea.
They came up ’round the wreck, bobbing a while
like petrels on the waves.
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No more seafaring
homeward for these, no sweet day of return;
the god had turned his face from them.
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Nor had I yet
seen the worst of it: for now the west wind
dropped, and a southeast gale came on—one more
twist of the knife—taking me north again,
straight for Charybdis. All that night I drifted,
and in the sunrise, sure enough, I lay
off Skylla mountain and Charybdis deep.
There, as the whirlpool drank the tide, a billow
tossed me, and I sprang for the great fig tree,
catching on like a bat under a bough.
Nowhere had I to stand, no way of climbing,
the root and bole being far below, and far
above my head the branches and their leaves,
massed, overshadowing Charybdis pool.
But I clung grimly, thinking my mast and keel
would come back to the surface when she spouted.
And ah! how long, with what desire, I waited!
till, at the twilight hour, when one who hears
and judges pleas in the marketplace all day
between contentious men, goes home to supper,
the long poles at last reared from the sea.
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Now I let go with hands and feet, plunging
straight into the foam beside the timbers,
pulled astride, and rowed hard with my hands
to pass by Skylla. Never could I have passed her
had not the Father of gods and men, this time,
kept me from her eyes. Once through the strait,
nine days I drifted in the open sea
before I made shore, buoyed up by the gods,
upon Ogygia Isle. The dangerous nymph
Calypso lives and sings there, in her beauty,
and she received me, loved me.
But why tell
the same tale that I told last night in hall
to you and to your lady? Those adventures
made a long evening, and I do not hold
with tiresome repetition of a story.”
The men have just landed on Helios' island. Remember the prophecy Tiresias told to Odysseus in the Underworld: if they ignore the cattle, they will return home safely. If they eat them, there will be more suffering and all will die but Odysseus.
Part I Review Questions
1.) Infer: what "laws" of behavior did Odysseus and is men expect the cyclops to obey? What does the cyclops risk when he does not follow this social law? (Think about Greek culture and their beliefs about reciprocity.)
2.) Evaluate: Recall Odysseus' plan to escape the cyclops. What positive and negative traits does Odysseus display with his plan to escape the cyclops? (You can make a chart to answer this question.)
3.) Interpret: what character traits does Odysseus reveal in the Land of the Dead that we had not previously seen in him?
4.) Respond: Circe predicted four trials/adventures that Odysseus would have to go through. In which of those four do you think Odysseus acted most heroically? Explain.
5.) Compare and Contrast: how does the danger posed by the sirens compare to that posed by the lotus-eaters?
6.) Make a Judgment: why does Odysseus decide not to tell his men about Skylla and Charybdis?
7.) Analyze: why is Odysseus unable to keep his men from eating the cattle?
8.) Make a Judgment: Do the members of the crew deserve the punishment they got for killing the cattle?